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more detailed information on Intel's
microprocessors, please visit the Microprocessor
Quick Reference Guide. |
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1971:
4004 Microprocessor
The 4004 was Intel's
first microprocessor. This breakthrough invention
powered the Busicom calculator and paved the way
for embedding intelligence in inanimate objects as
well as the personal computer. |
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1972:
8008 Microprocessor
The 8008 was twice as
powerful as the 4004. A 1974 article in Radio
Electronics referred to a device called the
Mark-8 which used the 8008. The Mark-8 is known as
one of the first computers for the home --one that
by today's standards was difficult to build,
maintain and operate. |
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1974:
8080 Microprocessor
The 8080 became the
brains of the first personal computer--the Altair,
allegedly named for a destination of the Starship Enterprise
from the Star Trek television show.
Computer hobbyists could purchase a kit for the
Altair for $395. Within months, it sold tens of
thousands, creating the first PC back orders in
history.
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1978:
8086-8088 Microprocessor
A pivotal sale to
IBM's new personal computer division made the 8088
the brains of IBM's new hit product--the IBM PC.
The 8088's success propelled Intel into the ranks
of the Fortune 500, and Fortune
magazine named the company one of the
"Business Triumphs of the Seventies." |
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1982:
286 Microprocessor
The Intel 286,
originally known as the 80286, was the first Intel
processor that could run all the software written
for its predecessor. This software compatibility
remains a hallmark of Intel's family of
microprocessors. Within 6 years of its release, an
estimated 15 million 286-based personal computers
were installed around the world. |
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1985:
Intel386™ Microprocessor
The Intel386™
microprocessor
featured 275,000 transistors--more than 100times
as many as the original 4004. It was a 32-bit chip
and was "multi tasking," meaning it
could run multiple programs at the same time. |
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1989:
Intel486™ DX CPU Microprocessor
The Intel486™
processor generation
really meant you go from a command-level computer
into point-and-click computing. "I could have
a color computer for the first time and do desktop
publishing at a significant speed," recalls
technology historian David K. Allison of the
Smithsonian's National Museum of American History.
The Intel486™ processor was the first to offer a
built-in math coprocessor, which speeds up
computing because it offloads complex math
functions from the central processor. |
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1993:
Intel® Pentium® Processor
The Intel Pentium®
processor allowed computers to more easily
incorporate "real world" data such as
speech, sound, handwriting and photographic
images. The Intel Pentium brand, mentioned in the
comics and on television talk shows, became a
household word soon after introduction. |
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1995:
Intel® Pentium® Pro Processor
Released in the fall
of 1995 the Intel® Pentium® Pro processor is
designed to fuel 32-bit server and workstation
applications, enabling fast computer-aided design,
mechanical engineering and scientific computation.
Each Intel® Pentium Pro processor is packaged
together with a second speed-enhancing cache
memory chip. The powerful Pentium® Pro processor
boasts 5.5 million transistors. |
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1997:
Intel® Pentium®
II Processor
The 7.5
million-transistor Intel® Pentium II processor
incorporates Intel® MMX™ technology, which is
designed specifically to process video, audio and
graphics data efficiently. It was introduced in
innovative Single Edge Contact (S.E.C) Cartridge
that also incorporated a high-speed cache memory
chip. With this chip, PC users can capture, edit
and share digital photos with friends and family
via the Internet; edit and add text, music or
between-scene transitions to home movies; and,
with a video phone, send video over standard phone
lines and the Internet. |
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1998:
Intel® Pentium
II Xeon
Processor
The Intel®
Pentium II Xeon processors are designed to meet
the performance requirements of mid-range and
higher servers and workstations. Consistent with
Intel's strategy to deliver unique processor
products targeted for specific markets segments,
the Intel® Pentium II Xeon processors feature
technical innovations specifically designed for
workstations and servers that utilize demanding
business applications such as Internet services,
corporate data warehousing, digital content
creation, and electronic and mechanical design
automation. Systems based on the processor can be
configured to scale to four or eight processors
and beyond. |
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1999:
Intel® Celeron® Processor
Continuing Intel's
strategy of developing processors for specific
market segments, the Intel® Celeron® processor
is designed for the value PC market segment. It
provides consumers great performance at an
exceptional price, and it delivers excellent
performance for uses such as gaming and
educational software. |
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1999:
Intel® Pentium®
III Processor
The Intel® Pentium®
III processor features 70 new
instructions--Internet Streaming SIMD extensions--
that dramatically enhance the performance of
advanced imaging, 3-D, streaming audio, video and
speech recognition applications. It was designed
to significantly enhance Internet experiences,
allowing users to do such things as browse through
realistic online museums and stores and download
high-quality video. The processor incorporates 9.5
million transistors, and was introduced using
0.25-micron technology. |
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1999:
Intel® Pentium® III Xeon™ Processor
The Intel® Pentium
III Xeon™ processor
extends Intel's offerings to the workstation and
server market segments, providing additional
performance for e-Commerce applications and
advanced business computing. The processors
incorporate the Intel® Pentium III processor's 70
SIMD instructions, which enhance multimedia and
streaming video applications. The Intel® Pentium
III Xeon processor's advance cache technology
speeds information from the system bus to the
processor, significantly boosting performance. It
is designed for systems with multiprocessor
configurations. |
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2000:
Intel® Pentium® 4
Processor
Users of Intel®
Pentium® 4 processor-based PCs can create
professional-quality movies; deliver TV-like video
via the Internet; communicate with real-time video
and voice; render 3D graphics in real time;
quickly encode music for MP3 players; and
simultaneously run several multimedia applications
while connected to the Internet. The processor
debuted with 42 million transistors and circuit
lines of 0.18 microns. Intel's first
microprocessor, the 4004, ran at 108 kilohertz
(108,000 hertz), compared to the Intel® Pentium®
4 processor's initial speed of 1.5 gigahertz (1.5
billion hertz). If automobile speed had increased
similarly over the same period, you could now
drive from San Francisco to New York in about 13
seconds. |
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2001:
Intel® Xeon™ Processor
The Intel® Xeon™
processor is targeted for high-performance and
mid-range, dual-processor workstations, dual and
multi-processor server configurations coming in
the future. The platform offers customers a choice
of operating systems and applications, along with
high performance at affordable prices. Intel Xeon
processor-based workstations are expected to
achieve performance increases between 30 and 90
percent over systems featuring Intel® Pentium®
III Xeon™ processors depending on applications
and configurations. The processor is based on the
Intel NetBurst™ architecture, which is designed
to deliver the processing power needed for video
and audio applications, advanced Internet
technologies, and complex 3-D graphics. |
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2001:
Intel® Itanium™ Processor
The Itanium™ processor is the first in a family
of 64-bit products from Intel. Designed for
high-end, enterprise-class servers and
workstations, the processor was built from the
ground up with an entirely new architecture based
on Intel's Explicitly Parallel Instruction
Computing (EPIC) design technology. The processor
delivers world-class performance for the most
demanding enterprise and high-performance
computing applications, including e-Commerce
security transactions, large databases, mechanical
computer-aided engineering, and sophisticated
scientific and engineering computing. |
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2002:
Intel® Itanium™ 2 Processor
The Itanium™ 2 processor is the second member of
the Itanium processor family, a line of
enterprise-class processors. The family brings
outstanding performance and the volume economics
of the Intel® Architecture to the most
data-intensive, business-critical and technical
computing applications. It provides leading
performance for databases, computer-aided
engineering, secure online transactions, and more. |
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2003:
Intel® Pentium® M Processor
The Intel® Pentium® M processor, the Intel® 855
chipset family, and the Intel® PRO/Wireless 2100
network connection are the three components of
Intel® Centrino™ mobile technology. Intel
Centrino mobile technology is designed
specifically for portable computing, with built-in
wireless LAN capability and breakthrough mobile
performance. It enables extended battery life and
thinner, lighter mobile computers. |
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-- Intel Corporation,
February, 1979
Introduction
I
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The Time: 1968
Calculators are the high-tech
thing. The first computer, the ENIAC, was invented in 1946 and
weighed 30 tons. In 1968, there are only 30,000 computers in the
world -- mostly mainframes that occupy entire rooms and
refrigerator-sized mini-computers. People who use computers program
them with punch cards to perform primitive calculations.
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The Place: Silicon Valley
Where the semiconductor
business is just coming into its own-- soon to become the leading
technology center in the world, the birthplace of the personal
computer, and the focal point for the coming technologies that
enable the digital era.
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"The Intel 8086, a new
microcomputer, extends the midrange 8080 family into the 16-bit arena. The
chip has attributes of both 8- and 16-bit processors. By executing the
full set of 8080A/8085 8-bit instructions plus a powerful new set of
16-bit instructions, it enables a system designer familiar with existing
8080 devices to boost performance by a factor of as much as 10 while using
essentially the same 8080 software package and development tools.
"The goals of the 8086
architectural design were to extend existing 8080 features symmetrically,
across the board, and to add processing capabilities not to be found in
the 8080. The added features include 16-bit arithmetic, signed 8- and
16-bit arithmetic (including multiply and divide), efficient interruptible
byte-string operations, and improved bit manipulation. Significantly, they
also include mechanisms for such minicomputer-type operations as reentrant
code, position-independent code, and dynamically relocatable programs. In
addition, the processor may directly address up to 1 megabyte of memory
and has been designed to support multiple-processor configurations."
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The 8086 / 8088
The 8086 and 8088 were binary compatible
with each other, but not pin-compatible. Binary compatibility means that
either microprocessor could execute the same programs. Pin-incompatibility
means that you can’t plug the 8086 into the 8088 and visa versa, and
expect the chips to work. The new "x86" chips implemented a
Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC)
design methodology.
The 8086 and 8088 both feature twenty
address pins. The number of address pins determines how much memory a
microprocessor can access. Twenty address pins gave these microprocessors
a total address space of one megabyte (2^20 = one megabyte).
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The 8086 and 8088 have different data
bus sizes. The data bus size determines how many bytes of data the
microprocessor can read in each cycle. The 8086 featured a 16-bit data
bus, while the 8088 featured an 8-bit data bus.
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